Binocular vision allows our eyes to perceive reality from slightly different angles, thanks to the average 6.5 cm gap between our two pupils. The brain fuses both perceived images to create a sensation of depth. When a technical device forces each eye to see a separate image from a stereoscopic pair, binocular fusion works the same way and produces a three-dimensional sensation. In 3D cinema, polarized or active-shutter glasses filter the image intended for each eye. VR headsets position two small screens in front of the eyes and display a different image on each. With Alioscopy displays, it is the screen that wears the "glasses" instead of the viewer. A microlens array on the screen surface refracts a different image toward each eye. Once again, the brain performs binocular fusion and produces a perfectly natural three-dimensional sensation.

Alioscopy displays are called "lenticular" because an ultra-high precision cylindrical microlens array is laminated onto their surface. The light emitted by each subpixel is refracted in different directions by the lenses, so that each eye perceives a different image. Precision is key. The optical components are machined to one hundredth of a micron on machines designed by Alioscopy. An Alioscopy image multiplexes N successive stereoscopic viewpoints. Each of its RGB components originates from a different viewpoint. The light emitted by each subpixel is deflected by the lenses so as to allow both eyes to perceive two different images, which the brain fuses.

First and foremost, Alioscopy displays free viewers from the constraints and discomfort of headsets and glasses: weight, neck strain, perspiration, reduced brightness, colour distortion, hygiene concerns, impaired corrective lenses, recharging, and more. But the benefits go further. In multiscopic mode, without eye-tracking, parallax is perceived immediately and naturally with a simple head movement. Just as one would in front of a real object, it is enough to shift slightly to discover subtly different perspectives of the scene. When eye-tracking is active, parallax can be computed in real time to maintain the spatial coherence of the content.

In cinema, the viewer is settled in a seat, stays still, and 3D glasses filter the images intended for the left and right eye. But for multiple viewers to simultaneously see glasses-free 3D passively, stereoscopic pairs must form at regular intervals across the screen's viewing field. This cannot be achieved by displaying only two images, which would alternate every 6.5 cm. The viewer would see the 3D effect either correctly or inverted depending on position. To avoid pseudoscopic positions, where the 3D effect is reversed, more images must be distributed in the space in front of the screen, forming successive stereoscopic pairs. This multi-viewpoint content is called "multiscopic". The art of Alioscopy is to design multiscopic displays offering the best possible compromise between the number of viewpoints and perceived resolution.

In Portal mode with eye-tracking, however, two viewpoints are sufficient because the system dynamically adapts the content to the exact position of the viewer's eyes.

In multiscopic mode, the viewing space in front of the screen is divided into zones called "sweet spots", whose width depends on the screen characteristics. The sweet spots repeat periodically over an angle of approximately 100 degrees. All viewpoints succeed one another within a sweet spot with natural and continuous parallax. This allows each viewer to see in 3D regardless of their position. Only the transition between two sweet spots should be avoided. In practice, these transition zones are narrow and viewers naturally find a comfortable position.

In Portal mode, an eye-tracking system precisely detects the coordinates of the viewer's pupils and dynamically adapts the stereoscopic pair display to the position of their eyes. Alioscopy implements its tracking solution on multiscopic displays, enabling seamless switching between both modes. Above all, this virtually eliminates crosstalk, enabling unlimited depth. This radical immersive experience has been named "ExoReality". A two-viewer tracking solution (4 pupils) is in preparation.

Alioscopy's 8K single-viewer displays with eye-tracking are called Portal, because they give access to a three-dimensional world at real-world scale, with no depth limit. One no longer watches content on a screen, one discovers it through a window.

The flagship of this exceptional 8K range is the 65" model, whose 1.40 m width makes the screen edges disappear. At equal resolution but half the width, the 31.5" model delivers exceptional image finesse. Thanks to state-of-the-art eye-tracking, the Portal viewer experiences an extraordinary immersive experience that shatters the conventional limits of autostereoscopy. In a videoconferencing application, for instance, the 65" Portal allows seeing one's interlocutor at 1:1 scale, as if they were physically sitting across the table. Content can also leap forward within arm's reach.

The Portal is a breakthrough technology that simulates reality at real-world scale. The unprecedented visual experience delivered by the Portal has been named "ExoReality". Alioscopy is a 2025 laureate of the "Innovative Technologies for Immersive Virtual Worlds" call for projects launched by the French government under the France 2030 programme, for its "ExoReality" project. The world of headsets is that of virtual reality. ExoReality is that of real virtuality.

Several technologies can be used to display autostereoscopic images:

• Parallax barrier. An array of opaque slits placed in front of the screen selectively blocks light to direct different images toward each eye. It is the simplest and least expensive technology, but reduces screen brightness in proportion to the number of viewpoints.
• Lenticular array. Cylindrical microlenses placed in front of the screen refract the light emitted by each subpixel in a different direction. This is the technology implemented by Alioscopy. It delivers the full brightness of the screen without any loss.
• Eye-tracking. One or more cameras measure the viewer's pupil coordinates in real time to dynamically adjust the content based on their position. This enables displaying stereoscopic images with 2 viewpoints, as in cinema, instead of multiscopic images. Eye-tracking is independent of the underlying display technology.
• Light-field. This term covers all display technologies that emit light in different directions. Lenticular refraction is part of this category. Microlens arrays can also be positioned within the constituent layers of an LCD panel. The term also applies to DLP-based solutions (Digital Light Processing), a projection technique using a chip containing mirrors oscillating at high speed.
• Integral imaging and plenoptics. A spherical microlens array captures and reproduces a complete light field, offering both horizontal and vertical parallax. This is the closest approach to a true three-dimensional light field, but it requires extremely high display resolution, as each microlens needs a dedicated block of pixels.
• Holography. It aims to reconstruct the complete light wavefront of a 3D scene using an ultra-high resolution spatial light modulator (SLM). Today, HOEs (Holographic Optical Elements) are more commonly used, optical components manufactured using holographic techniques: an interference pattern recorded in a photosensitive material diffracts light to produce the desired optical effect.
• Volumetric display. Systems that create luminous points in a real volume, by projecting onto rotating screens, diffusing into fog, or exciting particles in the air. These are true 3D volumes visible from all angles, but limited in size, resolution, and brightness.

After producing its first displays on Sony Trinitron CRT tubes, Alioscopy was the first to align its microlens arrays at an angle of 18.43 degrees (arctangent of 1/3) on the new LCD screens, in order to restore RGB subpixel complementarity across three successive lines. Vertical lenses, as used on CRT tubes, would have magnified columns of same-colour subpixels and produced unacceptable colour casts. Under these conditions, when the number of viewpoints is not a multiple of three, each lens starts on each line with a different colour. A double circular permutation is then established across lines and columns, reproducing content isotropy that is perfectly consistent with physiological expectations, despite the image subsampling.

Alioscopy long favoured an 8-viewpoint image format, which offered the best compromise between viewing comfort and perceived resolution. 5-viewpoint displays were nevertheless produced to meet specific needs, and prototypes with other values were also developed.

The number of lenses on a display depends on its resolution, the array angle, the number of viewpoints, whether even and odd lines alternate, and more generally on the image multiplexing algorithm. A lenticular array is an optical decoding system for a multiplexed image that interleaves N viewpoints.

In the specific case where N=8 and the resolution is Full HD (1920 pixels), there are 720 lenses on the screen. This number is calculated as follows: there are 3 RGB subpixels per pixel and 1920 pixels per line, i.e. 5760 subpixels. These are the colour points assignable to each viewpoint. With 8 viewpoints, there are therefore 5760/8 = 720 lenses.

The Alioscopy patents that implemented this logic have now entered the public domain. Alioscopy has filed further patents that apply to much higher resolution displays. These displays deliver parallax continuity identical to that of Alioscopy's printed lenticular photographs, which have earned the company its reputation in the world of collectors and museums. 8K displays make it possible to multiply the number of lenses and display content integrating up to 66 viewpoints.

The horizontal resolution perceived by each eye equals the number of lenses on the screen, while the perceived vertical resolution is that of the screen itself. At 18.43 degrees for example, there are three times more lenses than pixels divided by the number of viewpoints. It is not the pixel resolution that matters but the subpixel resolution.

However, monocular resolution is not a valid criterion for evaluating perceived stereoscopic resolution. The double circular permutation implemented by the Alioscopy mix ensures that each eye sees, on each line and under each lens, a different colour belonging to a different viewpoint. This complementarity is decisive for the brain, whose physiology is inseparable from the design choices made by Alioscopy. The brain does not perceive pixels (picture elements) but voxels (volume elements), which combine complementary colours at each point. This richness of information is essential to reconstructing a high-quality image sensation.

The human retina contains approximately 6 to 7 million cones, which handle colour vision. The fovea contains only cones, numbering approximately 4 to 5 million. With 6 million subpixels, i.e. 6 million distinct colour points, a Full HD display therefore contains more colour points than the fovea has cones. If we can visually distinguish that a 4K display is finer than a Full HD display, it is thanks to the stereoscopic complementarity provided by our two eyes. Stereoscopy therefore delivers a perceived image quality far superior to what monocular resolution alone would suggest.

The human eye does not perceive the three primary colours with equal acuity. Luminance sensitivity breaks down as follows: 59% for green, 30% for red, and 11% for blue. Alioscopy's patented multiplexing algorithms exploit this physiological property by applying a circular colour permutation between viewpoints. As a result, the perceived subpixel resolution is very close to what would be perceived in square pixels. Only very fine details (lines thinner than 3 pixels) may be slightly affected.

The same content displayed on a screen designed for close viewing appears flatter than on a screen designed for viewing from further away.

The 3D sensation results from both binocular disparity, the difference between images perceived by each eye, and proprioceptive perception, i.e. the brain's awareness of eye convergence. The vergence effort informs the brain about the viewing distance, and the disparity perceived at that distance informs it about the volume of objects.

Perceived disparity is greater at close range than at a distance. This is true in the real world and equally true for an autostereoscopic display. If the same content is viewed on two screens of the same size with lenses of the same pitch, one designed for viewing at 1.50 m and the other at 3 m, the sensation of volume will be twice as strong on the latter.

Two solutions can compensate for this difference. The first is to double the stereoscopic baseline, the spacing between viewpoints, to increase the disparity between the images themselves. This is only feasible if the content does not already have very strong volume, as too great a gap between viewpoints promotes ghost perception. The second is to modify the optical properties of the lenses so that the eyes do not see two consecutive viewpoints (images 1 and 2 or 5 and 6, for example), but two viewpoints separated by a third (images 1 and 3 or 5 and 7, for example). This doubles the perceived stereoscopic baseline without increasing the disparity between images.

Alioscopy offers a range of SW displays that double the perceived stereoscopic baseline for close-up use. This allows content creators, for instance, to evaluate the 3D effect under conditions close to final deployment, even on an Alioscopy display they are viewing from close range.

Content can be generated in several ways:

• Through 3D rendering with engines such as Unity or Unreal Engine, enabling real-time interactive applications.
• Through multi-camera capture or a camera moving along a rail. The special case of turntables and tracking shots allows successive 2D images to be displayed in 3D without any transformation, as the images naturally constitute laterally offset viewpoints.
• Through conversion of existing content, whether AI-based 2D-to-3D conversion or stereoscopy-to-multiscopy conversion.
• 3D Gaussian Splatting technologies, which have made considerable progress since 2023, can transform photographs or videos of a real object or scene into a photorealistic 3D model explorable in real time.

The Portal with eye-tracking requires only 2-viewpoint content. Conventional stereoscopic content can be used directly, including content created for VR/AR headsets.

Content has long been a barrier for autostereoscopic technologies, but much less so today thanks to the emergence of these new tools. Single-viewer solutions with 2-viewpoint eye-tracking, which directly exploit existing stereoscopic content, fully benefit from this evolution.

Artificial intelligence is making considerable progress in this area. Several players now offer AI-based 2D-to-3D conversion solutions, with increasingly convincing results.

Alioscopy also has a proprietary real-time stereoscopy-to-multiscopy conversion solution, which is reserved for its licensees.

Beyond conversion, native 3D capture is becoming mainstream. Several consumer devices can now generate stereoscopic images suitable for the Portal, such as the latest Apple iPhone models (spatial photos and videos), the Xreal Beam phone, or the KanDao QooCam Ego camera.

All 2-viewpoint stereoscopic content can be displayed directly on the Portal: films, VR/AR content, spatial videos, and more. The Portal then functions as a personal cinema.

However, Alioscopy multiscopic displays cannot play stereoscopic films without a real-time conversion step. The conversion solution developed by Alioscopy is reserved for its licensed partners.

Yes. Standard content is displayed in 2D, just like on a conventional monitor, making it easy to alternate between 2D and 3D content depending on sources and needs. However, Alioscopy lenses are not switchable and a loss of sharpness inherent to the lenses is unavoidable. Fine characters and thin lines may be affected.

The display must always be configured at its native resolution, at 100% scaling with no magnification, for 3D content to display correctly. The operating system desktop, however, will be less comfortable to read than at a lower resolution. These artefacts are less noticeable when watching a film.

For professional applications requiring the simultaneous display of fine 2D content and 3D, Alioscopy can design displays with a partial lenticular zone, reserving part of the panel for native 2D display.

Alioscopy offers monitors from 5.5" to 65", with resolutions ranging from Full HD to 8K.

The most recent 8K range comprises two 31.5" models, available in portrait or landscape orientation, each in 400 or 1500 nits. Depending on the content, they can support multiscopic content with 11, 22, 33, or 66 viewpoints. In Portal mode, they require only stereoscopic content.

The flagship 8K model has a 65" diagonal, 1500-nit brightness with a dynamic micro-LED backlight. It can display multiscopic content with 28 viewpoints or stereoscopic content in Portal mode.

Alioscopy also offers Full HD (2K) monitors in 4.3", 21.5", 24", 42", 47", and 55"; 2.5K monitors in 5.5", 8.9", and 10.1" (the 5.5" model operates in both portrait and landscape orientation); 4K monitors in 13.3", 15.6", and 24"; a 5K 27" monitor; as well as custom formats for the automotive industry.

Alioscopy machines and assembles its own lenticular arrays in France. The company holds in-house all the expertise required for custom display production. Rapid prototyping is one of Alioscopy's specialties. Displays of any size and resolution can be custom-built to meet specific requirements.

The Exobox is a glasses-free 3D display device developed by Alioscopy. By combining an Alioscopy display with a set of mirrors, it creates holographic-looking three-dimensional illusions that appear to hover in front of the device. The Exobox is particularly suited to augmented reality staging. It brings to life strikingly vivid three-dimensional digital replicas of objects: jewellery, luxury watches, collectibles, artworks, CAD models, medical reconstructions, or digital avatars.

Initially designed for preoperative surgical planning, the Exobox has been adapted into compact versions for luxury retail, museums, trade shows, and experiential marketing. An automotive version was introduced by Marelli to project a three-dimensional personal assistant above the dashboard. The collection also includes the Object Exobox, which projects a three-dimensional reflection of the object it houses using precision mirrors.

Alioscopy is a laureate of the World Innovation Challenge for the Exobox.

No. The lenticular array must be specifically designed and manufactured for the precise characteristics of each panel: pixel pitch, subpixel structure, spacing, black mask shape, video signal, and associated electronics. Alioscopy masters the entire process and manufactures its optical components in-house, in Paris, on proprietary machines.

Classical holography aims to reconstruct the complete light wavefront of a scene, which requires ultra-high resolution light modulators, coherent sources (lasers), and extraordinary computing power. Content is difficult to produce and display conditions are restrictive.

Alioscopy displays are autostereoscopic screens that project images angularly in different directions. They leverage the binocular fusion performed by the brain to produce a perfectly natural three-dimensional sensation. Content can be created with standard software tools or filmed with stereoscopic cameras. The displays are connected to a standard graphics card video output and operate in any environment, without special lighting conditions. Unlike holography, they deliver a bright, high-contrast image in true colours.

It varies depending on the model and the mode of use. Alioscopy optically defines an optimal viewing distance for each display. On a multiscopic display, this is the distance at which a test pattern of N multiplexed colours shows a single colour to each eye across the entire screen, N being the number of viewpoints. Eye-tracking dynamically adjusts the display to adapt to the viewer's position.

When a viewer moves closer to or further from the optimal viewing distance in multiscopic mode, a recomposition between viewpoints occurs. This manifests on a colour test pattern as the appearance of colour bands, from 2 to N. When N bands appear on screen, the viewer has reached the minimum or maximum viewing distance. Beyond this, on a 3D image, the left part of the image would repeat on the right, or vice versa.

It is always preferable to use a multiscopic display at its optimal viewing distance. This is where the 3D image is purest. However, it is possible to stand closer or further away without significantly degrading the 3D experience.

Alioscopy displays are used in many fields: luxury retail and product configurators, medical imaging and robotic surgery, museography and cultural heritage, immersive education and training, corporate communication, trade shows, digital signage, defence and security, teleoperation and remote piloting, simulation, CAD and industrial visualisation, entertainment and theme parks.

Yes. Alioscopy designs and manufactures its monitors and lenticular arrays in Paris, on machines of its own design. The original 2D monitors are generally assembled in Asia, but the autostereoscopic added value is produced in France. Alioscopy solutions benefit from EEA (European Economic Area) preferential origin.

Alioscopy has showrooms in Paris and Singapore where live demonstrations are held by appointment. Contact can be made via the Contact page on the website or by email at info@alioscopy.com to schedule a visit.